Who Is the Majority Party in the House of Representatives

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Political party leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives

Party leaders and whips of the United states House of Representatives, also known as floor leaders, are elected by their respective parties in a closed-door conclave by secret election.^[1] With the Democrats belongings a majority of seats and the Republicans holding a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, Majority Whip Jim Clyburn, Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise.

Job clarification [edit]

Unlike the Senate Majority Leader, the House Majority Leader is the 2nd highest-ranking member of his or her party's House conclave, behind the Speaker of the Firm.^{[ commendation needed ]} The Majority Leader'southward bodily duties and prominence vary depending on the Speaker's ability and mode. Typically, the Speaker does non participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor.^{[ citation needed ]} In some cases, Bulk Leaders take been more than influential than the Speaker; notably, Tom Delay was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert.^{[ citation needed ]} In addition, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the Business firm flooring.^[two]

The current Minority Leader, Kevin McCarthy, serves as floor leader of the opposition political party. Different the Bulk Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress.^{[ citation needed ]} If the Minority Leader's party takes control of the House, and the party officers are all reelected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top choice for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to become Majority Leader. The Minority Leader normally meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to hash out agreements on controversial issues.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Majority Whip and Minority Whip all receive special office suites in the U.s. Capitol.^{[ citation needed ]}

Selection [edit]

The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their respective parties in a airtight-door caucus by undercover ballot.^[3] The Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, but they have not been formally selected to be nominated for Speaker by the majority political party's caucus. After this period, the Speaker-designate is as well chosen in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes.^[one]

Similar the Speaker of the House, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly xx years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Dick Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the Firm for most 20 years, had served equally chairman of the Democratic Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured command of the House in the Nov 1994 elections. Gephardt'southward predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 after spending 24 years in the House. Michel'southward predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after 20 years of House service.

By contrast, party leaders of the United states of america Senate have oft ascended to their position despite relatively few years of experience in that sleeping room,^{[ citation needed ]} such as Lyndon B. Johnson, William F. Knowland, Tom Daschle, and Nib Frist. Former House Bulk Leader Eric Cantor also had a comparatively quick rising to the post and was the youngest Firm Majority Leader in American history.^{[ citation needed ]}

Majority Leader [edit]

The House Majority Leader's duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the bulk caucus. In several recent sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Bulk Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor'due south legislative agenda and straight management for all House committees.^{[ citation needed ]}

One statutory duty, per xix U.s.a.C. § 2191(c)(one), stipulates that an implementing bill submitted by the President of the U.s. for a fast-rail negotiating dominance (merchandise promotion authority) trade agreement must be introduced (past asking) in the House by the Bulk Leader of the House.^{[ citation needed ]}

History [edit]

Before 1899, the majority party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Means and Means Committee, the nigh powerful commission in the Business firm, as it generates the Bills of Revenue specified in the Constitution every bit the Business firm's unique power.^[4]

The role of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied past Sereno Payne.^[v] Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to constitute a party leader on the House floor carve up from the Speaker, as the role of Speaker had get more prominent and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the kickoff of the century to 356.^{[ citation needed ]}

Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership subsequently the incumbent surrenders the position. The only exceptions during this flow were Charles A. Halleck, who served equally Majority Leader from 1947-1949, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost the House in the 1948 House election, and served as Majority Leader in 1953-1955, ultimately did not get Speaker considering his party lost control over the Business firm after the 1954 Firm Ballot and would not regain the Business firm until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this point); Hale Boggs, who served as Majority Leader from 1971-1973, died in a aeroplane crash; and Dick Gephardt, who served every bit Bulk Leader from 1989-1995 descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections.

Since 1995, the simply Bulk Leader to become Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly equally his party lost command in the 2006 midterms elections. He afterward served as Republican House leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, when Speaker Newt Gingrich announced his resignation, neither Majority Leader Dick Armey nor Majority Whip Tom DeLay contested the Speakership, which eventually went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the majority political party in the House, with the Majority Leader as 2nd-in-command. For case, when the Republicans gained the bulk in the Business firm after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner as Majority Leader. Cantor was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the House Republicans. However, there have been some exceptions. The about recent exception to this dominion came when Majority Leader Tom Filibuster was considered more prominent Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006.^[6]

In dissimilarity, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority political party. For example, when the Republicans lost their bulk in the 2022 elections, McCarthy was elected equally Minority Leader and hence replaced Ryan as the highest-ranking House Republican.

When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled past one party, the Speaker usually takes a low profile and defers to the President.^{[ citation needed ]} For that situation, the Firm Minority Leader can play the part of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more than so than the Senate Minority Leader, owing to the more than partisan nature of the House and the greater office of leadership.

When the Majority Leader's political party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership bureaucracy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority party has ane less leadership position afterward losing the speaker's chair, at that place may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an approachable Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the Business firm party leadership, equally the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections. She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.^{[7] [eight]}

In 2014, Eric Cantor became the beginning House Majority Leader to lose a primary election. Following his principal defeat, Cantor announced his resignation equally Bulk Leader, effective July 31, 2014,^{[9] [ten] [eleven] [12] [13] [14]} and he afterwards resigned his seat in Congress.^[15]

Minority Leader [edit]

Responsibilities [edit]

From an institutional perspective, the rules of the Business firm assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For example, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the right to offering a movement to recommit with instructions; Rule 2, clause 6, states the Inspector General shall be appointed by articulation recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Rule XV, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, afterwards consultation with the minority leader, may identify legislation on the Corrections Calendar. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such as appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority command of the Business firm. Five principal political party activities direct the work of the minority leader.

1. The minority leader provides campaign assistance to party incumbents and challengers.
2. The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives. For example, by stalling action on the majority political party's calendar, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "practise-naught Congress."
3. The minority leader works to promote and publicize the political party's calendar.
4. The minority leader, if their party controls the White Business firm, confers regularly with the President and the President's aides most issues earlier Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally.
5. The minority leader strives to promote political party harmony so as to maximize the chances for legislative and political success.

The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-divers. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-North.Y., provided this "chore description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense force of the minority's rights. It is his part and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."^[16]

Since Snell'due south description, other responsibilities have been added to the job. These duties involve an assortment of institutional and party functions. Earlier examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, it is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position.

Origin of the post [edit]

To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this fourth dimension congressional parties were oftentimes relatively disorganized, so it was non always evident who functioned as the opposition flooring leader. Decades went past earlier annihilation like the mod 2-political party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the earliest days of Congress, various Business firm members intermittently assumed the part of "opposition leader". Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the start "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton'south fiscal policies.^[17]

During this early catamenia, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Autonomous-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause."^[18] In 1828, a strange observer of the Business firm offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

I found there were absolutely no persons belongings the stations of what are chosen, in England, Leaders, on either side of the Business firm.... It is true, that certain members exercise take charge of assistants questions, and certain others of opposition questions; but all this so obviously without concert amid themselves, actual or tacit, that nothing tin be conceived less systematic or more completely desultory, disjointed.^[19]

Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned equally a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at to the lowest degree twenty unlike candidates in the field. Thirty-half dozen competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855."^[20] With and so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that ane of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the curtain of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than one time in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."^[21]

In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader."^[22] However, this assertion is discipline to dispute. On December iii, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress.^[23] Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part considering as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to shut relatives ... all at handsome salaries."^[24] Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously."^[25] Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, causeless the de facto office of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and always subsequently, and then long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his political party.^[26]

Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Autonomous side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership."^[27] Farther, when Republicans were in the minority, the political party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "Information technology is hard to believe that House partisans would identify a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance."^[27] This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact fourth dimension menses when the minority leadership emerged officially equally a party position. All the same, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of stiff party organisation and professional person politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of political party voting in Congress."^[28] Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the institution of a more highly differentiated House leadership construction.^[29]

Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897 [edit]

While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899,^[thirty] the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the beginning of each Congress) may be considered their party'due south leaders before that time.

• 1865: James Brooks (D-NY)
• 1867: Samuel S. Marshall (D-IL)
• 1869: Michael C. Kerr (D-IN)
• 1871: George Due west. Morgan (D-OH)
• 1873: Fernando Wood (D-NY)
• 1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
• 1877, 1879: James Abram Garfield (R-OH)
• 1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
• 1883: Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
• 1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
• 1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1895: Charles F. Well-baked (D-GA)
• 1897: Joseph W. Bailey (D-TX)^[31]

Trends [edit]

Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention. First, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader too serve equally the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Ways."^[32] Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; even so, they engage the minority members of the Rules Commission and influence the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Committee.

2nd, Democrats have always elevated their minority flooring leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans accept non always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for example, Republicans bypassed James R. Isle of mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for 8 years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the flooring;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would attempt to re-centralize ability in his hands if elected Speaker."^[33] More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no interest in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled half-dozen weeks earlier voting day.

In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker usually assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader tin can play the function of a de facto "leader of the opposition", oftentimes more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more than partisan nature of the Firm and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President accept included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Institutional functions [edit]

The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such every bit the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their political party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the Business firm rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—across those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in conveying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional part of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises asymmetric influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the twenty-four hour period-to-24-hour interval schedule and management of floor activities.

Under the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities. They include the following:

Drug Testing. Under Rule I, clause ix, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an appropriate entity of the House a organisation for drug testing in the House."

Inspector General. Dominion II, clause half dozen, states that the "Inspector General shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, acting jointly." This rule further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall be notified of whatever financial irregularity involving the House and receive inspect reports of the inspector full general.

Questions of Privilege. Under Rule IX, clause ii, a resolution "offered as a question of privilege by the Bulk Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to curb." This dominion farther references the minority leader with respect to the division of time for debate of these resolutions.

Oversight Plans. Under Rule Ten, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the beginning session of a Congress, afterwards consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the House the oversight plans" of the standing committees along with whatsoever recommendations information technology or the House leaders have proposed to ensure the constructive coordination of committees' oversight plans.

Commission on Standards of Official Acquit: Investigative Subcommittees. Rule X, clause v, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint x Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective political party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Comport to be available to serve on investigative subcommittees of that commission during that Congress."

Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select committee but shall have no vote in the select committee and may not be counted for purposes of determining a quorum." In improver, each leader may designate a fellow member of his leadership staff to assist him with his ex officio duties. (Rule 10, clause 11).

Motion to Recommit with Instructions. Nether Dominion XIII, clause 6, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offering a motion to recommit with instructions.

In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name 3 Members to serve as Individual Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual conception of conditional concurrent banishment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a fellow member of the The states Capitol Preservation Commission; and they may, later on consultation with the Speaker, convene an early on organizational political party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to larn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as viable.

Political party functions [edit]

The minority leader has a number of formal and informal political party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify sure roles and responsibilities for their leader. For instance, under Autonomous rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. They are a member of the Democratic Congressional Entrada Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and Firm Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments. Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's flooring leader:

A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other political party that are considered undesirable by his own party. They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the flooring with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. They are kept constantly informed as to the condition of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in function from the flooring leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip arrangement.^[34]

These and several other party roles merit further mention because they influence significantly the leader'due south overarching objective: retake majority control of the Firm. "I want to become [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, D-MO. "That'due south what [my partisan colleagues] want to do, and that's what they want me to practice."^[35]

V activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal.

Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. At that place is inappreciably any major aspect of candidature that does not engage their attention. For example, they assistance in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to concur down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of political party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to assist the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Autonomous lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has always had that kind of support."^[36]

Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they can employ to accelerate minority political party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such equally the visibility or significance of the issue and the caste of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve their priorities than if the bulk party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Amid the variable strategies available to the minority political party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at dissimilar stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:

Cooperation. The minority party supports and cooperates with the bulk party in building winning coalitions on the flooring.

Inconsequential Opposition. The minority political party offers opposition, but information technology is of marginal significance, typically considering the minority is then small.

Withdrawal. The minority party chooses not to take a position on an effect, peradventure considering of intraparty divisions.

Innovation. The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its own and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf.

Partisan Opposition. The minority party offers stiff opposition to majority party initiatives just does not counter with policy alternatives of their ain.

Effective Opposition. The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority political party and offers its ain proposals as substitutes.

Participation. The minority political party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to appraise their bulk-edifice office with respect to his priorities.^[a]

A await at i minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may propose why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstacle are several, such as frustrating the majority political party's ability to govern or alluring press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt^[37] Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer'due south ruling, or numerous requests for gyre call votes are standard fourth dimension-consuming parliamentary tactics. Past stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may exist able to launch a campaign against a "practice-zippo Congress" and convince plenty voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Promote and Publicize the Party'due south Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well every bit independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader'due south restricted ability to set the House'due south agenda, in that location are even so opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to utilize, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the flooring.^[38] If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition past attracting majority party supporters, they can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."^[39]

Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party'due south priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on bulletin," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "boondocks meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party'due south agenda or a specific priority, such as wellness intendance or education; they sponsor political party "retreats" to discuss issues and appraise the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to arts and crafts party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hr, or special guild period in the House; they conduct surveys of political party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they found websites that highlight and distribute political party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or outcome teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

Business firm minority leaders also hold articulation news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to nowadays a united front on problems. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and shut debate on major issues before the House; they evangelize addresses in diverse forums beyond the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must besides be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's observe," remarked Minority Leader Michel.^[40] In brief, minority leaders are fundamental strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining means to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

Confer With the White House. If their party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides virtually issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader volition vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to accelerate the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned every bit the "signal man" for Republican presidents.^[41] President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic-controlled House was due in no small measure out to Minority Leader Michel'due south effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of form, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "forsake my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's."^[42] Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton'due south legislative initiatives from "fast track" merchandise authority to diverse upkeep issues.^[43]

When the White Business firm is controlled by the House bulk political party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in interim as a national spokesperson for their party. "Equally Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic assistants, my responsibleness has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI.^[44] Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:

"Nosotros used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When nosotros got to the subpoena phase, nosotros would offer our programme as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, and then we would usually offer information technology as a movement to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote confronting the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up up with a meliorate alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the aforementioned statement. Unremarkably we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you lot don't expect to win many.^[45]

Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-IL, to act as national spokesmen for their party. They met with the printing every Th following the weekly articulation leadership meeting. Ford'south predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Testify." In fact, the "Republican National Committee budgeted $xxx,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference."^[46]

Foster Political party Harmony. Minority status, by itself, is oft an important inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements. To agree a diverse membership together often requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings. Equally Minority Leader Gephardt said:

We have weekly caucus meetings. We take daily leadership meetings. We have weekly ranking Member meetings. We have party effectiveness meetings. There's a lot more communication. I believe leadership is bottom upwardly, non top down. I think you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up, and involve people in figuring out what that is.^[47]

Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to become the all-time performance" from the minority political party.^[48] Other techniques for fostering political party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on bug; the creation of new leadership positions every bit a mode to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority political party.

Party whips and assistant party leaders [edit]

Whips [edit]

A whip manages their party's legislative program on the House floor. The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all political party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon.

The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation. They are reckoned equally the third-ranking fellow member of his or her political party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader.

The Minority Whip is a member of the minority party who assists the minority leader in coordinating the political party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters. They are reckoned as the second about powerful member of his or her party, behind the minority leader. Notwithstanding, the U.South. Firm of Representatives does non utilise the term "minority whip," instead calling the position "Republican Whip" or "Autonomous Whip" depending on the minority political party.

The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the principal vote counter for their party. The electric current chief deputy minority whip is Republican Drew Ferguson. Inside the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as primary deputy Republican whips earlier ascending to the majority leader'due south postal service. The Firm Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position inside the Firm Autonomous Caucus. John Lewis held this postal service from 1991 until his decease in 2020. Jan Schakowsky held the position of senior primary deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously holding a position as chief deputy whip since 2005. Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the title Deputy Whip.^[49]

List of Republican Chief Deputy Whips

• 1981–1983: David F. Emery (Minority)
• 1983–1987: Tom Loeffler (Minority)
• 1987–1989: Edward Rell Madigan (Minority)
• 1989–1993: Steve Gunderson and Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
• 1993–1995: Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
• 1995–1999: Dennis Hastert (Majority)
• 1999–2003: Roy Blunt (Bulk)
• 2003–2009: Eric Cantor (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)
• 2009–2011: Kevin McCarthy (Minority)
• 2011–2014: Peter Roskam (Majority)
• 2014–2019: Patrick McHenry (Bulk)
• 2019–nowadays: Drew Ferguson (Minority)

List of Democratic Chief Deputy Whips

• 1955–1962: Unhurt Boggs (Majority)
• 1962–1971: Tip O'Neill (Majority)
• 1971–1973: John Brademas, John J. McFall (Majority)
• 1973–1977: John Brademas (Majority)
• 1977–1981: Dan Rostenkowski (Majority)
• 1981–1987: Bill Alexander (Majority)
• 1987–1991: David Bonior (Majority)
• 1991–1993: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis (Majority)
• 1993–1995: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Bulk)
• 1995–1997: Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Minority)
• 1997–1999: Rosa DeLauro, Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Bob Menendez (Minority)
• 1999–2002: Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2002–2003: John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2003–2005: John Lewis (Senior Principal Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Businesswoman Loma, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2005–2007: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2007–2011: John Lewis (Senior Master Deputy Whip), G. Yard. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Bulk)
• 2011–2013: John Lewis (Senior Master Deputy Whip), Thou. K. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Jim Matheson, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Maxine Waters, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2013–2015: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G. K. Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jim Matheson, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2015–2019: John Lewis (Senior Principal Deputy Whip), M. K. Butterfield, Joaquin Castro, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2019–present: Cedric Richmond (until January xv, 2021) (Banana to the Bulk Whip), John Lewis (until July 17, 2020), January Schakowsky (Senior Chief Deputy Whips), Pete Aguilar, G. Thou. Butterfield, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Dan Kildee, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Majority)

Assistant political party leaders [edit]

The position of Assistant Democratic Leader was established by Nancy Pelosi on January 3, 2011 and filled past Jim Clyburn to avert a battle for whip between then-Bulk Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Majority Whip Jim Clyburn. The title has undergone several name changes, with the title currently known as the titular "Assistant Speaker of the Firm of Representatives"; information technology is said to supercede the Banana to the Leader mail first established in 1999; and previously held by Chris Van Hollen. There is currently no Republican equivalent in the U.S. Business firm of Representatives.

List of House Democratic Administration to the Leader

• 1999–2003: Rosa DeLauro
• 2003–2007: John Spratt
• 2007–2009: Xavier Becerra
• 2009–2011: Chris Van Hollen

List of House Assistant Democratic Leaders

• 2011–2019: Jim Clyburn

Listing of Assistant Speakers of the House of Representatives

• 2019–2021: Ben Ray Luján
• 2021–present: Katherine Clark

List of political party leaders and whips [edit]

The Speaker and President are included for historical and comparative reference.

Cong ress	Years	Democratic whip	Democratic leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip		U.South. President
56th	1899–1901	Oscar Underwood[b] (Alabama)	James D. Richardson (Tennessee)	— GOP Speaker – David B. Henderson (Iowa)	— Majority — Sereno Eastward. Payne (New York)	— Bulk — James Albertus Tawney (Minnesota)		William McKinley (Republican)
57th	1901–1903	James Tilghman Lloyd (Missouri)						Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)
58th	1903–1905		John Sharp Williams (Mississippi)	— GOP Speaker – Joe Cannon (Illinois)
59th	1905–1907					— Majority — James East. Watson (Indiana)
60th	1907–1908
	1908–1909
61st	1909–1911	None	Gnaw Clark (Missouri)			— Majority — John Westward. Dwight (New York)		William Howard Taft (Republican)
62nd	1911–1913	None	— Majority — Oscar Underwood (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Gnaw Clark (Missouri)	James Isle of man (Illinois)	John West. Dwight (New York)
63rd	1913–1915	— Majority — Thomas M. Bell (Georgia)				Charles H. Burke (South Dakota)		Woodrow Wilson (Democratic)
64th	1915–1917	None	— Bulk — Claude Kitchin (North Carolina)			Charles M. Hamilton (New York)
65th	1917–1919
66th	1919–1921	None	Champ Clark (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Frederick H. Gillett (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Frank Due west. Mondell (Wyoming)	— Bulk — Harold Knutson (Minnesota)
67th	1921–1923	William A. Oldfield (Arkansas)	Claude Kitchin (Northward Carolina)					Warren Grand. Harding (Republican)
68th	1923–1925		Finis J. Garrett (Tennessee)		— Majority — Nicholas Longworth (Ohio)	— Majority — Albert H. Vestal (Indiana)		Calvin Coolidge (Republican)
69th	1925–1927			— GOP Speaker – Nicholas Longworth (Ohio)	— Majority — John Q. Tilson (Connecticut)
70th	1927–1929
71st	1929–1931	John McDuffie (Alabama)	John Nance Garner (Texas)					Herbert Hoover (Republican)
72nd	1931–1933	— Bulk — John McDuffie (Alabama)	— Majority — Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)	— Dem Speaker – John Nance Garner (Texas)	Bertrand Snell (New York)	Carl Thousand. Bachmann (West Virginia)
73rd	1933–1935	— Majority — Arthur H. Greenwood (Indiana)	— Majority — Jo Byrns (Tennessee)	— Dem Speaker – Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)		Harry L. Englebright (California)		Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic)
74th	1935–1936	— Majority — Patrick J. Boland (Pennsylvania)	— Majority — William Bankhead (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Jo Byrns (Tennessee)
	1936–1937		— Majority — Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— Dem Speaker – William B. Bankhead (Alabama)
75th	1937–1939
76th	1939–1940				Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)
	1940–1941		— Majority — John Due west. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)
77th	1941–1942
	1942–1943	— Bulk — Robert Ramspeck (Georgia)
78th	1943–1943
	1943–1945					Leslie Arends (Illinois)
79th	1945–1945							Harry Due south. Truman (Democratic)
	1946–1947	— Majority — John Sparkman (Alabama)
80th	1947–1949	John West. McCormack (Massachusetts)	Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph West. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Charles Halleck (Indiana)	— Bulk — Leslie Arends (Illinois)
81st	1949–1951	— Bulk — Percy Priest (Tennessee)	— Majority — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Joseph Due west. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	Leslie Arends (Illinois)
82nd	1951–1953
83rd	1953–1955	John West. McCormack (Massachusetts)	Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph West. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	— Bulk — Charles A. Halleck (Indiana)	— Majority — Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)		Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)
84th	1955–1957	— Majority — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Majority — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)
85th	1957–1959
86th	1959–1961				Charles Halleck (Indiana)
87th	1961–1962							John F. Kennedy (Democratic)
	1962–1963	— Bulk — Hale Boggs (Louisiana)	— Majority — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Dem Speaker – John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)
88th	1963–1965							Lyndon B. Johnson (Democratic)
89th	1965–1967				Gerald Ford (Michigan)
90th	1967–1969
91st	1969–1971							Richard Nixon (Republican)
92nd	1971–1973	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)	— Bulk — Unhurt Boggs (Louisiana)	— Dem Speaker – Carl Albert (Oklahoma)
93rd	1973–1973	— Majority — John J. McFall (California)	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)
	1973–1975				John Rhodes (Arizona)
94th	1975–1977					Bob Michel (Illinois)		Gerald Ford (Republican)
95th	1977–1979	— Majority — John Brademas (Indiana)	— Majority — Jim Wright (Texas)	— Dem Speaker – Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)				Jimmy Carter (Democratic)
96th	1979–1981
97th	1981–1983	— Majority — Tom Foley (Washington)			Bob Michel (Illinois)	Trent Lott (Mississippi)		Ronald Reagan (Republican)
98th	1983–1985
99th	1985–1987
100th	1987–1989	— Majority — Tony Coelho (California)	— Bulk — Tom Foley (Washington)	— Dem Speaker – Jim Wright (Texas)
101st	1989–1989					Dick Cheney (Wyoming)		George H.West. Bush (Republican)
	1989–1991	— Majority — William H. Gray Iii (Pennsylvania)	— Majority — Dick Gephardt (Missouri)	— Dem Speaker – Tom Foley (Washington)		Newt Gingrich (Georgia)
102nd	1991–1991
	1991–1993	— Majority — David Bonior (Michigan)
103rd	1993–1995							Bill Clinton (Democratic)
104th	1995–1997	David Bonior (Michigan)	Dick Gephardt (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Newt Gingrich (Georgia)	— Majority — Dick Armey (Texas)	— Majority — Tom DeLay (Texas)
105th	1997–1999
106th	1999–2001			— GOP Speaker – Dennis Hastert (Illinois)
107th	2001–2002							George W. Bush (Republican)
	2002–2003	Nancy Pelosi (California)
108th	2003–2005	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)		— Majority — Tom Delay (Texas)	— Majority — Roy Blunt (Missouri)
109th	2005–2005
	2005–2006				— Majority — Roy Blunt (Missouri, Acting)
	2006–2007				— Majority — John Boehner (Ohio)
110th	2007–2009	— Majority — Jim Clyburn (S Carolina)	— Majority — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Speaker – Nancy Pelosi (California)	John Boehner (Ohio)	Roy Edgeless (Missouri)
111th	2009–2011					Eric Cantor (Virginia)	Barack Obama (Autonomous)
112th	2011–2013	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)	— GOP Speaker – John Boehner (Ohio)	— Bulk — Eric Cantor (Virginia)	— Bulk — Kevin McCarthy (California)
113th	2013–2014
	2014–2015				— Bulk — Kevin McCarthy (California)	— Majority — Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
114th	2015–2015
	2015–2017			— GOP Speaker – Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)
115th	2017–2019						Donald Trump (Republican)
116th	2019–2021	— Majority — Jim Clyburn (South Carolina)	— Majority — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Speaker – Nancy Pelosi (California)	Kevin McCarthy (California)	Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
117th	2021–present						Joe Biden (Democratic)
Cong ress	Years	Democratic whip	Autonomous leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip	U.S. President

Come across also [edit]

• Party leaders of the U.s.a. Senate
• Divided government in the United States

Notes [edit]

1. ^ These strategic options have been modified to a caste and come from Jones, The Minority Party in Congress, p. 20.
2. ^ Sources differ on the dates that Underwood served as Whip:
   • One indicates that he served from 1899 to 1901. Run into "Democratic Whips". Function of the Clerk, U.Due south. Business firm of Representatives. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
   • Some other indicates that he served only during 1901. See Heitshusen, Valerie (February 27, 2007). "Party Leaders in Congress, 1789-2007: Vital Statistics" (PDF). Congressional Enquiry Service: CRS–eleven. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
   • Co-ordinate to a contemporary paper commodity, "Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that position [Democratic whip] since Congress convened" (December 4, 1899). See "Call for a Autonomous Caucus". The New York Times. January nine, 1900. p. 8.

References [edit]

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Enquiry Service document: Mark J. Oleszek. "The Role of the House Minority Leader: An Overview" (PDF).

1. ^ ^{a b} "North.Y. Dem might vote for Boehner". Politico. November 23, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
2. ^ "Bulk leader, vus ist?". JTA. Jan v, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved Jan 4, 2011.
3. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (April 24, 2017). Political party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities (PDF) (Written report). Congressional Inquiry Service. pp. two–3. RS20881. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
4. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (June 7, 2001). "A Brief History of Congressional Leadership". The Greenish Papers (self-published website & blog) . Retrieved January 5, 2006.
5. ^ "Majority Leaders of the Firm (1899 to nowadays)". U.South. House History, Fine art & Archives. U.South. House of Representatives. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
6. ^ "Best & Worst of Congress - News & Features". washingtonian.com. September 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
7. ^ "Pelosi wants to remain leader". Miami Herald. ^{[ expressionless link ]}
8. ^ Memoli, Michael A. (November 17, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi is House minority leader". Los Angeles Times.
9. ^ "Eric Cantor will leave Business firm leadership postal service after stunning loss". CNN. June 11, 2014.
10. ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Parkinson, John (June xi, 2014). "Eric Cantor Stepping Down as House Majority Leader". ABC News.
11. ^ Kim, Clare (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor loses GOP primary to tea party challenger Dave Brat". MSNBC. Retrieved June xi, 2014.
12. ^ "Cantor'south Loss: A Stunning Upset". The Atlantic. Politico.com. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
13. ^ Ostermeier, Eric (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor 1st House Majority Leader to Lose Renomination Bid in History". Smart Politics. Archived from the original on June 12, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
14. ^ Costa, Robert (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor Succumbs to Tea Party Challenger Tuesday". The Washington Post.
15. ^ "Eric Cantor Tells Virginia Newspaper He'll Resign in August". NBC News. August 1, 2014.
16. ^ Quoted in Riddick, Floyd M. (1941). Congressional Procedure. Boston: Chapman and Grimes. p. 346.
17. ^ Run across Nelson, Garrison (Autumn 1976). "Leadership Position-Property in the The states Firm of Representatives". Capitol Studies (4): 17.
18. ^ Immature, James Sterling (1966). The Washington Community, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. 135–136.
19. ^ Immature, James Sterling (1966). The Washington Community, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Caryatid. p. 137.
20. ^ Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Property in the United states House of Representatives". Capitol Studies (iv): 18.
21. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Political party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 28n.
22. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Political party Leaders in the Business firm of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 28.
23. ^ 1883Congressional Record, Vol. 29, Page 4-5 (December 3, 1883)
24. ^ McNeil, Neil (1963). Forge of Republic: The House of Representatives. New York: David McKay Co. p. seventy.
25. ^ Herbert Bruce Fuller, The Speakers of the House (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1909), p. 208.
26. ^ DeAlva Stanwood Alexander, History and Process of the House of Representatives (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 131.
27. ^ ^{a b} Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Belongings in the United States Firm of Representatives". Capitol Studies (iv): 19.
28. ^ Randall Strahan, "Thomas Brackett Reed and the Rise of Party Government," in Roger Davidson, et al., eds., Masters of the House (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1998), p. 36.
29. ^ See Polsby, Nelson (September 1968). "The Institutionalization of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives". American Political Scientific discipline Review. pp. 144–168.
30. ^ "Minority Leaders of the House (1899 to nowadays) | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Athenaeum". history.house.gov . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
31. ^ Sources: Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rising of Party Government, past Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com
32. ^ Charles O. Jones, The Minority Political party in Congress (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970), p. 31.
33. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 98–99.
34. ^ Lewis Deschler, Deschler'south Precedents of the Usa House of Representatives, Vol. i (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), pp. 211-212.
35. ^ Guy Gugliotta, "For Minority Leader, A Thing of Consensus; Enquiry Vote Tests Gephardt'due south Skills," The Washington Post, October 8, 1998, pp. A18.
36. ^ Barnes, James A.; Stone, Peter H. (February 26, 2000). "A Rich Harvest on the Hill". National Journal. p. 640.
37. ^ Babson, Jennifer (July 15, 1995). "Democrats Refine the Tactics of Minority Party Power". Congressional Quarterly Weekly Written report. Congressional Quarterly. p. 2037.
38. ^ Wallison, Ethan (May 17, 1999). "Gephardt Plans Petition Strategy". Roll Call. p. ane.
39. ^ Arieff, Irwin (February 28, 1981). "Inside Congress". Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. Congressional Quarterly. p. 379.
40. ^ 1989Congressional Record, Vol. 135, Folio E3000 (September 12, 1989)
41. ^ William F. Connelly, Jr. and John J. Pitney, Jr., Congress' Permanent Minority? Republicans in the U.S. Firm (Lanham, Maryland: Littlefield Adams, 1994), p. fifteen.
42. ^ Dorothy Collin, "Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.Southward.," Chicago Tribune, August xvi, 1982, p. 2.
43. ^ See Jim Vande Hei, "White Business firm Sidesteps Gephardt'southward Leadership," Scroll Phone call, July 7, 1997, p. 1.
44. ^ James M. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the U.s. House of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the Firm, p. 275.
45. ^ James M. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the House, p. 271.
46. ^ Burdette Loomis, "The Consummate Minority Leader: Everette K. Dirksen," in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson, eds., First Amidst Equals (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991), p. 250.
47. ^ Eliza Newlin Carney, "Don't Count Usa Out," National Journal, April 29, 1995, p. 1024.
48. ^ Davidson, et al., Masters of the House, pp.323.
49. ^ Sinclair, Barbara (June 26, 1998). Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking: The U.S. Business firm of Representatives in the Postreform Era. JHU Press. ISBN9780801857126 . Retrieved May 20, 2020 – via Google Books.

External links [edit]

• Office of the Majority Leader (Autonomous Leader)
• Office of the Majority Whip (Democratic Whip)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#:~:text=With%20the%20Democrats%20holding%20a,and%20Minority%20Whip%20Steve%20Scalise.

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